Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a efficient technology for wastewater treatment due to their ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms. To optimize the performance of these systems, several key factors need to be meticulously considered. The

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are a cutting-edge system in wastewater treatment. They integrate the functions of standard activated sludge methods with highly membrane filtration. This pioneering combination results exceptional effluent quality, effectively eliminating a wide range of pollutants, including suspended solids, organic matter, and nutrie